Arduino uno

                              ARDUINO UNO

ABSTRACT:

Arduino is an open-source electronics platform based on easy-to-use hardware and software. Arduino boards are able to read inputs - light on a sensor, a finger on a button, or a Twitter message - and turn it into an output - activating a motor, turning on an LED, publishing something online. You can tell your board what to do by sending a set of instructions to the microcontroller on the board. To do so you use the Arduino programming language (based on Wiring), and the Arduino Software (IDE), based on Processing.
Over the years Arduino has been the brain of thousands of projects, from everyday objects to complex scientific instruments. A worldwide community of makers - students, hobbyists, artists, programmers, and professionals - has gathered around this open-source platform, their contributions have added up to an incredible amount of accessible knowledge that can be of great help to novices and experts alike.
Arduino was born at the Ivrea Interaction Design Institute as an easy tool for fast prototyping, aimed at students without a background in electronics and programming. As soon as it reached a wider community, the Arduino board started changing to adapt to new needs and challenges, differentiating its offer from simple 8-bit boards to products for IoT applications, wearable, 3D printing, and embedded environments. All Arduino boards are completely open-source, empowering users to build them independently and eventually adapt them to their particular needs. The software, too, is open-source, and it is growing through the contributions of users worldwide.

History

The Arduino project started at the Interaction Design Institute Ivrea (IDII) in Ivrea, Italy. At that time, the students used a BASIC Stamp microcontroller at a cost of $100, a considerable expense for many students. In 2003 Hernando Barragán created the development platform Wiring as a Master's thesis project at IDII, under the supervision of Massimo Banzi and Casey Reas, who are known for work on the Processing language. The project goal was to create simple, low cost tools for creating digital projects by non-engineers. The Wiring platform consisted of a printed circuit board (PCB) with an ATmega168 microcontroller, an IDE based on Processing and library functions to easily program the microcontroller. In 2003, Massimo Banzi, with David Mellis, another IDII student, and David Cuartielles, added support for the cheaper ATmega8 microcontroller to Wiring. But instead of continuing the work on Wiring, they forked the project and renamed it Arduino.

Pin diagram:

Arduino Uno consists of 14 digital input/output pins (of which 6 can be used as PWM outputs), 6 analog inputs, a 16 MHz crystal oscillator, a USB connection, a power jack, an ICSP header, and a reset button

Power Jack: Arduino can be power either from the pc through a USB or through external source like adaptor or a battery. It can operate on a external supply of 7 to 12V. Power can be applied externally through the pin Vin or by giving voltage reference through the IORef pin.
Digital Inputs: It consists of 14 digital inputs/output pins, each of which provide or take up 40mA current. Some of them have special functions like pins 0 and 1, which act as Rx and Tx respectively , for serial communication, pins 2 and 3-which are external interrupts, pins 3,5,6,9,11 which provides pwm output and pin 13 where LED is connected.
Analog inputs: It has 6 analog input/output pins, each providing a resolution of 10 bits.
ARef: It provides reference to the analog inputs
Reset: It resets the microcontroller when low.
Program Arduino:

The most important advantage with Arduino is the programs can be directly loaded to the device without requiring any hardware programmer to burn the program. This is done because of the presence of the 0.5KB of Boot loader which allows the program to be burned into the circuit. All we have to do is to download the Arduino software and writing the code TheThe Arduino tool window consists of the toolbar with the buttons like verify, upload, new, open, save, serial monitor. It also consists of a text editor to write the code, a message area which displays the feedback like showing the errors, the text console which displays the output and a series of menus like the File, Edit, Tools menu.

                         5 Steps to program an Arduino
Programs written in Arduino are known as sketches. A basic sketch consists of 3 parts
1. Declaration of Variables
 2. Initialization: It is written in the setup () function.
3. Control code: It is written in the loop () function.
The sketch is saved with .ino extension. Any operations like verifying, opening a sketch, saving a sketch can be done using the buttons on the toolbar or using the tool menu. The sketch should be stored in the sketchbook directory. Chose the proper board from the tools menu and the serial port numbers. Click on the upload button or chose upload from the tools menu. Thus the code is uploaded by the bootloader onto the microcontroller.
Few of basic Adruino functions:
digitalRead(pin): Reads the digital value at the given pin. digitalWrite(pin, value): Writes the digital value to the given pin. pinMode(pin, mode): Sets the pin to input or output mode. analogRead(pin): Reads and returns the value.
analogWrite(pin, value): Writes the value to that pin. serial.begin(baud rate): Sets the beginning of serial communication by setting the bit rate.

7 Reasons why Arduino is being preferred these days
1. It is inexpensive
2. It comes with an open source hardware feature which enables reference source.
3. The Arduino software is compatible with all types of operating systems like Windows, Linux, and Macintosh etc.
4. It also comes with open source software feature which enables experienced software developers to use the Arduino code to merge with the existing programming language libraries and can be extended and modified.
 5. It is easy to use for beginners.
6. We can develop an Arduino based project which can be completely stand alone or projects which involve direct communication with the software loaded in the computer.
7. It comes with an easy provision of connecting with the CPU of the computer using serial communication over USB as it contains built in power and reset circuitry.